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Universal history is a term for a work aiming at the presentation of the history of humankind as a whole, as a coherent unit.〔What is history?: Five lectures on the modern science of history By Karl Lamprecht. Pages 181-227. Epitome of ancient, mediaeval and modern history By Carl Ploetz. Introduction, pages ix–xii. Jacques Bénigne Bossuet, James Elphinston. An universal history: from the beginning of the world, to the Empire of Charlemagne. R. Moore, 1810. page 1-6 (introduction)〕 It is basic to the Western tradition of historiography, corresponding in scope to what in contemporary terminology would be called "world history". As world history, universal history is the representation of general facts both of entire nations and of individuals. Its uses are manifold. It teaches human nature and the experience of all centuries. Universal history differs from world history in the teleological approach—history has a goal (''telos''). A universal chronicle or world chronicle traces history from the beginning of written information about the past up to the present.〔History begins at the point where monuments become intelligible and documentary evidence of a trustworthy character is fortheoming but from this point onwards the domain is boundless for Universal History as understood. (Universal history: the oldest historical group of nations and the Greeks by Leopold von Ranke. Preface, pg. x)〕 Universal history embraces the events of all times and nations with the only limitation being that they should be ascertained as to make a scientific treatment of them possible.〔Leopold von Ranke. Universal history: the oldest historical group of nations and the Greeks. Scribner, 1884. An epitome of universal history By A. Harding. Page 1.〕 Universal history in the Western tradition is commonly divided into three parts, viz. ancient, medieval, and modern time.〔H. M. Cottinger. (Elements of universal history for higher institutes in republics and for self-instruction ). Charles H. Whiting, 1884. pg. (1 )+.〕 The division on ancient and medieval periods is less sharp or absent in the Arabic, Indian, Chinese and Japanese historiographies. A synoptic view of universal history led some scholars, beginning with Karl Jaspers,〔''The Origin and Goal of History'', (London: Yale University Press, 1949).〕 to distinguish the Axial Age synchronous to "classical antiquity" of the Western tradition.〔Samuel N. Eisenstadt, ''Axial Age Civilizations'', (New York: New York State University Press, 1986).〕 Jaspers also proposed a more universal periodization—prehistory, history and planetary history. All distinguished earlier periods belong to the second period (history) which is a relatively brief transitory phase between two much longer periods. Jaspers' periodization gains popularity in the current research.〔Max Ostrovsky, ''Y = Arctg X: The Hyperbola of the World Order'', (Lanham: University Press of America, 2007).〕 ==Historiography== The roots of historiography in the 19th century are bound up with the concept that history written with a strong connection to the primary sources could be integrated with "the big picture", i.e. to a general, universal history. For example, Leopold von Ranke, probably the pre-eminent historian of the 19th century, founder of "Rankean historical positivism", the classic mode of historiography that now stands against postmodernism, attempted to write a Universal History at the close of his career. The works of world historians, Oswald Spengler, Arnold J. Toynbee and Max Ostrovsky,〔''Y = Arctg X: The Hyperbola of the World Order'', (Lanham: University Press of America, 2007).〕 are three examples of attempts to integrate primary source-based history and Universal History. Spengler's work is more general; Toynbee created a theory that would allow the study of "civilizations" to proceed with integration of source-based history writing and Universal History writing.〔Donald A. Yerxa. ''Recent Themes in World History and the History of the West: Historians in Conversation''. Univ of South Carolina Press, 2009. Page 1+〕 Ostrovsky based comparative analysis of civilizations on primary sources in order to draw generalizations outlining a Universal History. All three writers attempted to incorporate teleological theories into general presentations of the history. Toynbee and Ostrovsky found as the ''telos'' (''goal'') of universal history the emergence of a single World State. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Universal history」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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